"What'd you do last night?"
"We did umm, two whole cars
It was me, Dez, and Main Three right?
And on the first car in small letters it said
'All you see is..' and then you know
Big, big, you know some block silver letters
That said '..crime in the city' right?"
"It just took up the whole car?"
"Yeah yeah, it was a whole car and shit..."
Black Star's "Respiration" opens with a sample from the graffiti documentary, "Style Wars." In the excerpted dialogue, the graffiti artist Skeme discusses his famous piece "Crime in the City" (pictured above). With train mural he makes a simple argument about how the wider public viewed the graffiti subculture in the 1970s and 80s: as a crime (See Nathan Glazer). The piece, though, reflects this simplistic and stereotyped view back on it self: "all you see is CRIME IN THE CITY," calling out those who would diminish the art. The irony is, of course, that what the viewer is looking at when they see the graffiti mural is an aesthetic and political statement. The implication in Skeme's piece is that there is much more to graffiti and perhaps to everyday life in the inner-city at large than meets the eye. In a sense, more than anyone graffiti writers--and the called themselves "writers," lived and breathed with the rhythms of the cities: the movement of trains, police patrols, and the larger life and death of the city's various neighborhoods.
Skeme's "Crime in the City"
There is a quality even meaner than outright ugliness or disorder, and this meaner quality is the dishonest mask of pretended order, achieved by ignoring or suppressing the real order that is struggling to exist and to be served.
- Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities
Graffiti, as part of hip hop culture more broadly, was born in the South Bronx in the years following New York City's redevelopment of the so-called slum with a large scale urban "renewal" project: the Cross-Bronx Expressway. The building of the Expressway set up one of the most famous controversies over urban space in American history: community activist Jane Jacobs's grassroots movement to stop a similar expressway proposed for Lower Manhattan, also designed by the architect of the Cross-Bronx Expressway, the much-vilified urban planner, Robert Moses. While Jacobs won that battle of the sidewalk versus the highway, in the South Bronx, people were displaced and neighborhoods were left in ruins. Graffiti art emerged as a response to the decay the city had wrought--not as a cause of it--a way of beautifying the forgotten city spaces and speaking truth to power by reminding the public of the inhabitants of these abandoned neighborhoods. This is all to say that rap music, like graffiti, is so intimately connected with the life of the city that they seem to breath as one, a point that Mos Def, Talib Kewli, and Common emphasize in the underlying metaphor of their song "Respiration."
Urban decay in the South Bronx, 1980
Jane Jacobs and Robert Moses
So much on my mind that I can't recline
Blastin holes in the night til she bled sunshine
Breathe in, inhale vapors from bright stars that shine
Breathe out, weed smoke retrace the skyline
Heard the bass ride out like an ancient mating call
I can't take it y'all, I can feel the city breathin
Chest heavin, against the flesh of the evening
Sigh before we die like the last train leaving
The trope of breath underlies the title of "Respiration" and much of the lyrics in both the verses and chorus. Like great romantic poetry in which lovers share breath, the rappers emphasize their intimacy with the city with the respiratory analogies. In the chorus, the city is figured as a body, breathing in and out, inhaling both star shine and pot smoke, all things in the urban environment. But the rappers are breathing in and out with the city. For one, they are documenting the daily life of the metropolis and thus breathing along with it's various rhythms. Given that certain outsiders don't look closely at the inner city and inner-city people, often viewing them, as Skeme suggests, as criminals, the urban stories of hip hop are vital stories to be told about the life of the city. The best of both graffiti "bombing" and sound bombing worked for the same goal: to make visible a population--largely black and hispanic--that had been overlooked and neglected by society. But it's not a pretty site. It's clear from the lyrics that the city is not well, according to Black Star and Common. Particularly in Def's verse, corruption and suffering seem to run rampant.
The respiratory system
The subway system (NYC)
Gotham's been good to our family, but the city's been suffering. People less fortunate than us have been enduring very hard times. So we built a new, cheap, public transportation system to unite the city. And at the center... Wayne Tower.
- Thomas Wayne to a young Bruce Wayne , Batman Begins
Public transit, as part of the respiratory system of the city, is central in the verses of "Respiration." Talib Kweli raps in the second verse, "I take the L, transfer to the 2, head to the gates / New York life type trife the Roman Empire state." In his closing verse, Common raps, "So some days I take the bus home, just to touch home." Though his success as a rapper might allow him to take more elite methods of transportation--the blinged out cars most rappers spend their breath rapping about--he takes the bus to stay "in touch," literally and metaphorically, with the city. It is a choice that fits his name, Common, as in down with the "common" folk, the working class, the poor, who he of course brushes shoulders with as he rides the bus. The bus also moves at a slow pace through city streets, keeping one's perspective focused on the minute details ever every block. For big cities, the public transit system is the life of the city--this is no doubt why Bruce Wayne's father built one for the people of Gotham in Batman Begins. Without one, a city can die: people don't travel downtown, or just travel in and out by car on a raised highway like the Cross-Bronx Expressway. But Black Star's Gotham is a city with "No Batman and Robin," no superheroes to save the day.
A hooded Mos Def
Kweli chilling on the stoop
Def outlines a number of different issues that inner-city America faces in the 1990s, mostly focusing, though, on the corruption of the rich and suffering of the poor suffer: cheating Wall Street businessmen make all the money while the working class struggles to make a living. He describes stock brokers as "mercenaries,"and further reverses the usual association between the city and civilization, mocking New York as the financial capital of the world, "Spotlight to savages, NASDAQ averages." Meanwhile, "Hard knuckles to second hands of working class watches." The line contains images of labor (hard, hands and watches) and poverty (second hands), but also hints at the eventual corruption of the destitute (hard knuckles can rob watches). Many in the city turn to crime out of desperation and thus you "can't tell between the cops and the robbers." This thin line between legitimate business practices and the crimes of the underground economy is a theme that Killer Mike more recently touches on in his "American Dream." As with the Skeme mural, there is more to the inner city than the criminality that most see.
My narrative, rose to explain this existence
Amidst the harbor lights which remain in the distance
A user on rapgenius.com named Questo suggests that there is a The Great Gatsby reference in the final line of Mos Def's verse. The suggestion is that the "harbor lights" of the song refer to the famous green light on Daisy's dock that Gatsby stares out at in the beginning of the novel and Nick returns to at the end. Anyone who has studied this book in high school has been forced to analyze this symbol, but it usually comes out to something like "the green light represents Gatsby's desire for Daisy and her seemingly effortless old wealth, which is a version of the American dream." In the context of the contemporary inner city, "Respiration" does comment on how the ideal of the American dream is not alive for many impoverished blacks and Hispanics--a cross cultural connection emphasized in the repeated Spanish sample used on "Respiration." This idea of a dream deferred or somehow tarnished is evoked by Mos Def's biblical reimagining of the "The Big Apple": "The shiny apple is bruised but sweet and if you choose to eat / You could lose your teeth, many crews retreat." ...
So we were all drawn to this class by how great a teacher Mr. Dean is ... along with the Batman quote that he used at the end of last school year to entice us to sign up for this class, "Joker: They'll be doubling up at the rate this city's inhabitants are losing their minds. Batman: This city just showed you that it's full of people ready to believe in good." Batman -- the Dark Knight. But why the Dark Knight? What happened to the White Knight?
This takes me to one of the iconic Batman "villians" Harvey Dent, better know as Two-Face. Starting off as the clean-cut district attorney of Gotham City and an ally of Batman, Dent goes insane after a criminal throws acid on him during a trial, hideously scarring the left side of his face. Due to this, Dent becomes schizophrenic, bi-polar and adopts the "Two-Face" persona. He becomes a crime boss, choosing to bring about good or evil based upon the outcome of a coin flip. Occasionally he is on the side of Batman and other times he is trying to shoot him.
Once the White Knight of the city, pursuing justice under the law, Harvey Dent becomes a metaphor for the duality of the city. A district attorney and a crime boss, a hero and an enemy. The definition of good and evil is too complex in the city, as shown by a schizophrenic psycopath flipping a coin to make the decision on what is just. What this is saying is that in the city there is always going to be good with the bad and justice in the city is obscure in definition. Was it just that Harvey Dent be scarred for life on shit luck? It brings about a new type of justice in the city, one that is not so politically correct. The White Knight's chivalric justice is gone. One cannot expect the White Knight to just kill the bad guy while following the rules. Now to be able to do good one must also break some rules (the idea of the ends justify the means).
What Two-Face also shows is that it really is not possible to have a White Knight in the modern city. Two-Face throughout his career has represented good and evil combined, the hope of the city and the destruction of the city, and the pure luck that the city is ruled by. This complexity skews the ability to obtain justice through the old style of chivalry that the White Knight used. Due to this complex idea of good vs. evil and justice vs. corruption, it is simply impossible to avoild breaking the rules to achieve "true" justice.
Two-Face's approach, although encompassing this idea, is unhealthy. Batman is the true Dark Knight because he has been able to balance the good and evil to maintain justice in the city. He might break some rules to get to a good conclusion. For example, in the movie The Dark Knight (2008) Batman takes the blame for all the people Harvey Dent killed, after he kills Dent to save the son of a man Dent kidnapped. This way the city could look upon Dent as the White Knight district attorney he used to be and not the maniac he became. It is easy to see the complexity of this "justice." Although it came at a price and followed no set rules, he was able to achieve the closest thing to what he believed to be good. Even then the end might not be complete justice, but this must do for the Dark Knight.
"It's happening now. Harvey is that hero. He locked up half of the city's criminals, and he did it without wearing a mask. Gotham needs a hero with a face."
